Saturday 20 June 2020

THE TARIQAH TIJANIYYAH: AN INTRODUCTION

By: Shaykh Fakhruddin Owaisi (Lecturer, IPSA and Chairman of Sunni Ulama Council)

 

The Tariqah Tijaniyyah is among the Spiritual Schools in Islam that facilitate for a seeking Muslim to: come together with other Muslims and make Dhikr, purify one’s self under the guidance of a qualified spiritual master, and to draw closer to Allah. All of this is encouraged by the Qur’an and Sunnah. It is for this reason that countless great scholars and Imams followed the Sufi path throughout the centuries.

 

During the first century, “personal spiritual guidance” was provided to the Sahabah by the Prophet (SAW) himself, as the Qur’an confirms “Wa Yuzakkihim” and “Yukhrijuhum min al-zulumat”, which mean that he (SAW) “Purifies them and takes them out of Darkness”. We also know that the Prophet (SAW) personally taught different Sahabah different Adhkar to recite at different times. Thereafter, masters from the Sahabah provided this “personal spiritual guidance” to groups of the Tabi’in. Thereafter, groups of spiritual seekers started to name themselves after their respective spiritual masters, e.g. students of Shaykh Abd-al-Qadir al-Jilani were known as “Qadiris”, those of Imam al-Shadhili as “Shadhilis”, those of Shaykh Muinuddin Chishti as “Chishtis”. This was no different from students of Fiqh masters calling themselves “Shafi’i’s”, “Hanafis”, “Malikis” after Imam Shafi’i, Imam Abu-Hanifah, Imam Malik…etc.

 

The Tijani Tariqah (method) is named after the great North African Maliki scholar and Friend of Allah, Shaykh Sidi Ahmad al-Tijani, a descendant of the Prophet (SAW), who was born in Algeria in 1737 and passed away in Morocco in 1815. Shaykh al-Tijani memorized the Qur’an, Sahih al-Bukhari, Sahih Muslim, al-Muwatta and various books of Fiqh in his village. He gave his first Fatwa at the age of 15. Thereafter, he travelled to seek knowledge in Morocco, Tunisia, Egypt and Hijaz. Scholars everywhere acknowledged his wide knowledge of Fiqh, Tafsir and Hadith (as evident from his writings as well). He even taught at the 3 great Islamic Universities of the time, the Qarawiyyin in Fez, Zaytuna in Tunis and al-Azhar in Egypt. Indeed, his name is included in the biographies of the great Ulama of the Maliki Madh-hab.

 

After completing his Shariah studies, he concentrated on spiritual growth and met many great Awliya of the time and benefited from them and their Tariqahs. He was then initiated in the Khalwati Tariqah, by the same Masters who initiated Shaykh Yusuf of Macassar! However, his spiritual thirst was not quenched and he went into seclusion in a village in the Sahara desert, making Dhikr-Allah and Salawat on Rasul-Allah (SAW). It is there, in the year 1784 that he was honored with a vision of the Spirit of the Prophet (SAW) while awake. In this vision, the Prophet (SAW) instructed Shaykh al-Tijani to leave all the different Tariqah dhikrs he was practicing and recite only Istighfar, Salawat, and La Ilaha illa Allah, at least 100 times daily. He was promised that by sincerely practicing this, he will achieve the highest levels of servanthood to Allah.

 

It should be noted that this recital, called the Wird, was nothing new to the Deen, rather the Quran and Sunnah are filled with instructions for the Ummah to abundantly recite Istighfar, Salawat, and La Ilaha illa Allah. Shaykh Ahmad Tijani was simply instructed by the Prophet (SAW) to revive the practice of these Adhkar in the Ummah. And he revived it indeed, as thousands of people started to take this Wird from him as its benefits became apparent. The Shaykh then appointed Muqaddams (representatives) from different places to initiate people in this Path, which became known as the Tariqah Tijaniyyah. The conditions for entering the Tariqah were to: Perform the Five Salahs on time (and in congregation as much as possible), to honor one’s parents, to recite the above-mentioned Muhammadan Adhkar on a daily basis morning and evening (as the Quran and Sunnah recommend), to not to recite with them Adhkar from other Tariqahs (as no need remained for that) and to focus on one’s own spiritual guide and not seek guidance from various teachers at the same time, thereby confusing one’s self.  

 

With these simple and Quranic conditions, the Tariqah Tijaniyyah spread far and wide. From Morocco, it spread to West Africa, where the legendary mujahid al-Haj Umar Tal established an Islamic Caliphate based on it. Eastwards, the Tariqah spread to Algeria, Tunisia, Egypt, and Hijaz. From there, it spread to places as far as Albania and Indonesia, where there are hundreds of thousands of Tijanis. The Tijaniyyah became known as the “Tariqat al-Ulama” as numerous great Ulama joined it. The most famous Shaykh of the Tijaniyyah in the 20th century was Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse of Senegal, who was titled “Shaykh-al-Islam” by the Ulama of the Azhar in Egypt, where he was also the first African Alim to lead the Jumu’ah Salah. He was also founder-member of the Rabitat al-Alam al-Islami of Makkah. He spread the Tariqah far and wide and was reputed to have 50 million murids under his wing when he passed away in 1975. After him, his grandson Shaykh Hassan Cisse led the Tariqah and provided amazing services to Islam. Thousands took Islam and the Tariqah from his hands in the USA and Europe. It is he who introduced the Tariqah to South Africa. During his visit here in 2003, he was welcomed by the MJC and called: “The spiritual leader of Africa”. He was hosted by president Thabo Mbeki, whom he invited to Islam.
 
Shaykh Fakhruddin Owaisi
Lecturer, IPSA & Chairman of Sunni Ulama Council
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
 
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• Ahzāb wa Awrād (Collection of Prayers/Liturgies and Litanies) of Shaikh Ahmad at-Tijani - Arabic

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Dalā’ilu l Khayrāt - Collection of prayers upon the Prophet “in Plain Arabic and Warsh script” (by Shaikh Sulaiman Jazūlī) - Arabic

Kanzul Masūn - Collections of Prayers/Supplications (by Shaikh Ibrahim Niasse) - Arabic

Dawāwīn as-Sitt (Six Anthologies) on Prophetic Eulogy (by Shaikh Ibrahim Niasse) - Arabic

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1. Majmū’at ad-Dawāwīn (Collection of Eulogy Works) of Shaikh Ibrahim Niasse’ (English translation) - Translated by Dr. Awwal Baba Taofiq

2.Vessel of Spiritual Flood, Translation of Goran Faydah by Shaykh Balarabe Haroon Jega (Translated by Dr. Awwal Baba Taofiq)

3.Shariah and Haqeeqah: In the Light of the Qur'an and the Prophetic Traditions(Translated by Dr. Awwal Baba Taofiq)

4.The Icon of Mystics: Shaykh Ibrahim Niasse Al-Kawlakhy (Translated by Dr. Awwal Baba Taofiq)

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6. Handbook for every Tijaniyyat (by Shaikh As-Sufi)

8. Risalat at-Tawbah (Epistle of Repentance) of Shaykh Ibrahim Niyass al-Kawlakhi" - (Translation & Commentary by Dr. Razaq Solagberu)

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18. Practical Guide on the Wird(Litany) of the Tariqah Faydah Tijaniyyah (The Adherent Handbook) - (Translated by Sayyidah Bilqis Grillo)

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